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Nobel Prize in medicine honors Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for their discovery of microRNA

Stockholm, Sweden (DT) —This year’s Nobel Prize honors two scientists Nobel Prize in medicine honors Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for their discovery of microRNA for their discovery of a fundamental principle governing how gene activity is regulated.

The information stored within our chromosomes can be likened to an instruction manual for all cells in our body. Every cell contains the same chromosomes, so every cell contains exactly the same set of genes and exactly the same set of instructions. Yet, different cell types, such as muscle and nerve cells, have very distinct characteristics.

Nobel Committee chairman Thomas Perlmann, right, announces Americans Victor Ambros, left, and Gary Ruvkun, seen on a screen being awarded this year’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, during a press conference at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, on Monday, Oct. 7, 2024. (Christine Olsson/TT News Agency via Ap)

What is the Nobel Prize for?

RNA is best known for carrying instructions for how to make proteins from DNA in the nucleus of the cell to tiny cellular factories that actually build the proteins. MicroRNA does not make proteins, but helps to control what cells are doing, including switching on and off critical genes that make proteins.

How do these differences arise? The answer lies in gene regulation, which allows each cell to select only the relevant instructions. This ensures that only the correct set of genes is active in each cell type.

Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun were interested in how different cell types develop. They discovered microRNA, a new class of tiny RNA molecules that play a crucial role in gene regulation.

Their groundbreaking discovery revealed a completely new principle of gene regulation that turned out to be essential for multicellular organisms, including humans. It is now known that the human genome codes for over one thousand microRNAs. Their surprising discovery revealed an entirely new dimension to gene regulation. MicroRNAs are proving to be fundamentally important for how organisms develop and function.

Essential regulation


This year’s Nobel Prize focuses on the discovery of a vital regulatory mechanism used in cells to control gene activity. Genetic information flows from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA), via a process called transcription, and then on to the cellular machinery for protein production. There, mRNAs are translated so that proteins are made according to the genetic instructions stored in DNA. Since the mid-20th century, several of the most fundamental scientific discoveries have explained how these processes work

Our organs and tissues consist of many different cell types, all with identical genetic information stored in their DNA. However, these different cells express unique sets of proteins. How is this possible? The answer lies in the precise regulation of gene activity so that only the correct set of genes is active in each specific cell type.

This enables, for example, muscle cells, intestinal cells, and different types of nerve cells to perform their specialized functions. In addition, gene activity must be continually fine-tuned to adapt cellular functions to changing conditions in our bodies and environment. If gene regulation goes awry, it can lead to serious diseases such as cancer, diabetes, or autoimmunity. Therefore, understanding the regulation of gene activity has been an important goal for many decades.

The flow of genetic information from DNA to mRNA to proteins. The identical genetic information is stored in DNA of all cells in our bodies. This requires precise regulation of gene activity so that only the correct set of genes is active in each specific cell type. © The Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine. Ill. Mattias Karlén

In the 1960s, it was shown that specialized proteins, known as transcription factors, can bind to specific regions in DNA and control the flow of genetic information by determining which mRNAs are produced. Since then, thousands of transcription factors have been identified, and for a long time it was believed that the main principles of gene regulation had been solved. However, in 1993, this year’s Nobel laureates published unexpected findings describing a new level of gene regulation, which turned out to be highly significant and conserved throughout evolution.

Research on a small worm leads to a big breakthrough

In the late 1980s, Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun were postdoctoral fellows in the laboratory of Robert Horvitz, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2002, alongside Sydney Brenner and John Sulston. In Horvitz’s laboratory, they studied a relatively unassuming 1 mm long roundworm, C. elegans. Despite its small size, C. elegans possesses many specialized cell types such as nerve and muscle cells also found in larger, more complex animals, making it a useful model for investigating how tissues develop and mature in multicellular organisms. Ambros and Ruvkun were interested in genes that control the timing of activation of different genetic programs, ensuring that various cell types develop at the right time.

They studied two mutant strains of worms, lin-4 and lin-14, that displayed defects in the timing of activation of genetic programs during development. The laureates wanted to identify the mutated genes and understand their function. Ambros had previously shown that the lin-4 gene appeared to be a negative regulator of the lin-14 gene. However, how the lin-14 activity was blocked was unknown. Ambros and Ruvkun were intrigued by these mutants and their potential relationship and set out to resolve these mysteries.

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A year after the Hamas attack shattered this Israeli community, going home still feels impossible

Kfar Aza, Israel (DT) — On a sun-dappled day in Kibbutz Kfar Aza, Liora Eilon stood at the spot where her son was killed. She stooped to pick a figurine from the pile of belongings scattered around an abandoned home nearby.

“Every time we come here, Tal leaves us a little message,” the 71-year-old said, turning over the plastic soldier in her hands.

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It has been a year since Hamas militants stormed into this community within sight of the border fence surrounding Gaza. Eilon’s 46-year-old son, Tal, who was the Kfar Aza civilian defense commander, was killed in the early moments of the attack, as he ran to the kibbutz armory to grab a weapon.

Now living in a university dormitory in Israel’s north, Liora Eilon wonders if she’ll ever return home to this place, seared into Israeli history for that day of mass death, when the militants killed some 1,200 people in southern communities and took about 250 others hostage. The attack sparked an ongoing Israeli campaign in Gaza that has killed more than 41,600 Palestinians and laid waste to much of the territory.

“How can I trust the government who abandoned me here, who betrayed me, promised me that my family was safe here?” she said. “The government wants us to go back to Kfar Aza, but I need more to feel safe.”

Only about 50 of Kfar Aza’s 1,000 residents have returned. They live among the skeletons of houses burned by explosives, riddled with bullet holes or reduced to rubble by tank shells during the battle that raged for days.

The others are scattered in dorms and hotels further north. The Associated Press spoke to a dozen residents who shared feelings of extreme vulnerability to future attack and deep misgivings about Israel’s military and government, and the Palestinians on the other side of the fence.

Some wondered whether such a scarred place could ever be lived in at all.

An Israeli flag is hung on a destroyed house nearly a year after the deadly Hamas attack on Oct. 7, in Kibbutz Kfar Aza, Israel, Monday, Sept. 16, 2024. (AP Photo/Ohad Zwigenberg)

“Are we going to live inside a memorial? Are we going to see a plaque every few meters, he was killed here and he was killed here?” asked Zohar Shpack, 58, who has returned and serves in the civilian defense squad. “I don’t know yet.”

‘It’s still the seventh of October’

The seasons have spun by since Oct. 7. Relatively untended, Kfar Aza’s orchards have borne new fruit. With few to harvest, soldiers guarding the community have their pick from loads of fresh avocadoes.

The land still holds traces of the day. On trees hung with fresh pomegranates, some of last year’s fruit remains, charred and black like used grenades. Gardener Rafael Friedman says he still finds teeth and bones in the soil when he rakes back the overgrowth — likely remnants of Hamas militants killed in the fighting.

Kfar Aza has always been a close-knit place. It takes just 15 minutes to walk from one end to the other, past neighborhoods, orchards and a soccer pitch. Many residents grew up here and raised families alongside each other.

Now photos of slain young people, couples killed together and hostages are posted everywhere. During the day, former residents like Eilon guide tours, hold memorials and see familiar faces. When night falls, most disappear to hotel rooms to the north.

FILE- Mourners attend the funeral of the Kotz family in Gan Yavne, Israel, on Oct. 17, 2023. The Israeli family of five was killed by Hamas militants on Oct. 7 at their house in Kibbutz Kfar Aza near the border with the Gaza Strip. (AP Photo/Ohad Zwigenberg, File)

Every Friday, survivors gather on Shachar Schnorman’s porch for dinner, filling the kibbutz with the rare sound of laughter.

“It’s the only place where people can talk about the seventh and all the people at the table understand exactly what they are talking about,” Schnorman said.

“We do whatever we can to try to build community, to try to show … that people can live here,” he said.

The government says it will rebuild. Meanwhile, it’s constructing pre-fabricated houses for residents in another kibbutz, Ruhama, about 15 kilometers (10 miles) away. After two years there, they say authorities want them to return to Kfar Aza.

About two-thirds of the community plan to move into the temporary housing. On a recent tour, some enthusiastically examined the box-like structures. It’s a chance, they said, to live together and rebuild on the southern land they’re accustomed to.

But some weren’t convinced Kfar Aza will be rebuilt and not sure they’d ever feel safe returning.

FILE- Mourners gather around the five coffins of the Kotz family during their funeral in Gan Yavne, Israel, Tuesday, Oct. 17, 2023. The family was killed by Hamas militants on Oct. 7 at their house in Kibbutz Kfar Aza near the border with the Gaza Strip,. (AP Photo/Ohad Zwigenberg, File)

‘They could have saved them’

As the battle still raged, some residents were evacuated early and sped away in army jeeps. Hanan Dann, a young father, recounted passing a cluster of soldiers at a gas station just outside the kibbutz, who looked like they were waiting for orders.

“I wanted to say, there’s fighting inside still, there’re people dying,” he said. “They could have saved them.”

Soldiers and militants fought in Kfar Aza for days. By the end, militants had killed 64 civilians and 22 soldiers and dragged 19 hostages into Gaza.

Nearby, in the recesses of the Negev desert, stands a decrepit water tower. It’s a remnant of Be’erot Yitzhak, a kibbutz abandoned after a deadly 1948 Egyptian attack during the war that led to Israel’s creation.

But others say as long as there is no peace agreement with Palestinians, they will again be on the front lines of another Oct. 7. Some of Gaza’s Palestinians once lived in these same arid reaches of what is now southern Israel. Almost no trace is left of their villages after Israeli troops drove them out during the 1948 war.

“We’ve tried war enough times and it never led to anything good,” Eilon said. She wants a new government that will talk to the Palestinians to find “some arrangement for us to live together on the same land.”

“I’m dreaming for the day with an open fence from here to the sea, with two people living together.”


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Ghana’s wildcat gold mining booms, poisoning people and nature

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PRESTEA-HUNI VALLEY, Ghana, (DT) – At an unlicensed gold mine in Ghana, men in t-shirts, shorts and rubber boots wade through pools of muddy water laced with mercury, pull out rocks with bare hands and operate a rickety sluice as they search for the precious ore.

The ramshackle mine is part of a booming business that is generating livelihoods and informal revenue streams for Ghana’s economy, even as it harms miners’ health, pollutes waterways, destroys forests and cocoa farms, and fuels crime.

“It’s risky but I just want to survive,” said one of the men at the wildcat site visited by Reuters in the Prestea-Huni Valley district in western Ghana.

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The 24-year-old accounting student, who asked not to be named because he was involved in illegal activities, said he had been skipping classes to prospect for gold because he needed the money, having lost his father as a teenager.

There was no professional protective equipment at the mine. Men wore flimsy plastic shopping bags on their heads. One had swimming goggles and another a rice bag covering his torso.

An illegal artisanal miner inspects an excavated rock for traces of gold at the Prestea-Huni Valley Municipal District in the Western Region, Ghana August 17, 2024. REUTERS/Francis Kokoroko

The unlicensed gold mining industry, known in Ghana as “galamsey”, has grown at a breakneck pace this year as global gold prices have risen by almost 30%, enticing new entrants.

Small-scale mines produced 1.2 million ounces of gold in the first seven months of this year, more than in the whole of 2023, according to data from Ghana’s mining sector regulator.

About 40% of Ghana’s total gold output comes from small mines, as opposed to concessions operated by multi-national firms. Some 70-80% of the small mines are unlicensed.

POISONED PROFITS

Martin Ayisi, head of Ghana’s Minerals Commission, the mining industry regulator, said most galamsey gold was smuggled out of the country and was therefore not contributing to national gold export revenues.

For Ayisi, the rise in gold prices is good for Ghana, helping it recover from a severe economic crisis in 2022 that required a $3-billion IMF bailout.

“We should be able to get a lot of money and probably exit the IMF programme earlier,” he said, forecasting national gold export revenues would more than double to $10 billion this year.

But industry experts say the lines between legal mining and galamsey are blurred, and gold from informal mines represents a larger proportion of revenues than the authorities acknowledge.
The dangers of galamsey, however, are not in dispute.

Dozens of miners have been killed in collapsing pits in recent years, according to news reports and human rights groups, while hospitals and health centres report high numbers of early deaths from pulmonary diseases of miners and residents of towns and villages near mines.

These are caused by inhaling dust that contains heavy metals such as lead, as well as poisonous fumes from the mercury and nitric acid the miners use to leach gold out of sediment.

The chemicals are then dumped on the ground or in rivers. Ghana’s water authority says mercury and heavy metals from mining have contaminated about 65% of water sources.

ORGANISED CRIME

Opinion polls suggest galamsey is one of the top five issues for voters ahead of a Dec. 7 general election.

The main candidates to replace outgoing Akufo-Addo as president, Vice President Mahamudu Bawumia and former President John Mahama, have pledged to formalise galamsey, for example by funding a state agency to explore for gold and map areas for locals to mine.


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India Extends $400 Million Support and ₹3,000 Crore Currency Swap to Strengthen Economic Ties with Maldives

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New Delhi, India (DT) — India has extended financial support of $400 million and a bilateral currency swap of ₹3,000 crore to assist the Maldives in overcoming its current financial challenges. The announcement was made during delegation-level talks between Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Maldivian President Dr. Mohamed Muizzu, held in New Delhi today.

In addition to the currency swap agreement, the two countries signed two Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) to enhance bilateral cooperation in preventing and combating corruption. Another two MoUs were renewed, focusing on capacity building programs for Maldivian judicial officers and cooperation in sports and youth affairs.

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Speaking after the talks, Prime Minister Modi underscored the importance of the India-Maldives partnership, stating that both countries have adopted a vision for a Comprehensive Economic and Maritime Security Partnership, which will provide strategic direction for their cooperation. He highlighted India’s commitment to supporting the Maldives’ priorities, noting that earlier this year, the State Bank of India rolled over $100 million worth of Maldivian “Treasury Bills.”

Prime Minister Modi emphasized that India remains the Maldives’ first responder in times of need, whether it is supplying essential commodities, providing drinking water during natural disasters, or delivering vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic. He reiterated that the relationship between the two nations is centuries-old, with India being the Maldives’ closest neighbor and friend, aligning with India’s “Neighborhood First” policy and “SAGAR” vision.

Additionally, Modi virtually inaugurated the new runway at Hanimaadhoo International Airport in the Maldives and handed over 700 social housing units constructed under EXIM Bank’s Buyer’s Credit Facilities. The introduction of the RuPay card in the Maldives was also a key milestone, with both leaders witnessing the first transaction. Looking ahead, efforts will be made to connect India and the Maldives through UPI for seamless digital payments.

Maldivian President Dr. Mohamed Muizzu expressed gratitude for India’s financial assistance, including the ₹3,000 crore support and the $400 million currency swap, highlighting the positive trajectory of bilateral relations. He confirmed that the talks with Prime Minister Modi were comprehensive, focusing on the successful development journey of the two countries and charting the future course of their collaboration.


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Indian Foreign Minister Jaishankar Meets Argentine Counterpart to Strengthen Bilateral Relations

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New Delhi, India (DT) — In a key diplomatic engagement today, Indian External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar met with Argentina’s Foreign Affairs Minister Diana Elena Mondino in New Delhi. The high-level talks, which also involved industry and business leaders from Argentina, focused on expanding bilateral trade and investment partnerships.

The two sides explored collaborative opportunities in vital sectors such as energy transition, minerals, health, agri-tech, defense, and technology. Both ministers emphasized the need for stronger cooperation, supported by robust market mechanisms and a well-established digital framework that can enhance economic growth.

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During the discussions, Dr. Jaishankar and Minister Mondino underscored the potential for shared progress, particularly in areas like clean energy and digital innovation. The meeting signals an upward trajectory in India-Argentina relations, with both nations looking to leverage their mutual strengths to address global challenges and contribute to multilateral forums, including the G20.

The growing partnership between India and Argentina reflects a shared vision of economic prosperity and sustainable development, as both countries aim to strengthen ties across a wide range of industries.

Argentina Foreign Minister begins India visit to boost bilateral trade

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New Delhi, India (DT) — The Foreign Minister of Argentina, Diana Mondino, began Monday her official visit to India to enhance bilateral trade, coinciding with the 75th anniversary of diplomatic ties between the two countries.

During her visit, Mondino is expected to meet Indian Foreign Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar as well as other members of the Indian government.

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Mondino, who arrived in the Asian country on Saturday, was scheduled to meet with Jaishankar on Monday in New Delhi to address a broad bilateral agenda, according to a statement by the Argentine foreign ministry.

The visiting minister is also expected to hold meetings with India’s Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Hardeep Singh Puri, and Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan to discuss “opportunities to further increase bilateral trade,” the statement said.

Discussions are expected to cover topics such as hydrocarbons, lithium development, agribusiness and machinery.

During the visit, Mondino and Jaishankar will co-chair the 7th Argentina-India Joint Commission Meeting, the Indian Ministry of External Affairs said in a statement.

Mondino is scheduled to conclude her visit on Tuesday with two events with local entrepreneurs and investors, where she will offer a detailed overview of the economic reforms promoted by the Argentine government led by President Javier Milei, and business opportunities in the South American country.

Bilateral trade between India and Argentina stood at $4.16 million in the fiscal year 2022-2023, according to the Indian Government, with exports from the South American country amounting to $3.2 million.

India mainly imports from Argentina vegetable oils, finished leather, cereals, residual chemicals and related products and legumes, while exports include petroleum oils, agrochemicals, textiles, organic chemicals, pharmaceuticals and two-wheelers.


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A massive blast outside Karachi Airport in Pakistan injures at least 8

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Karachi, Pakistan (DT) — A massive blast outside Karachi Airport in Pakistan on Sunday injured at least eight people and destroyed several vehicles, officials said.

Police and the provincial government said a tanker exploded outside the airport, which is Pakistan’s biggest.

But the provincial home minister, Zia Ul Hassan, told local TV station Geo that it was an attack targeting foreigners.

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A Home Ministry official told the Associated Press that it was an attack on Chinese nationals, one of whom was injured. He spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to talk to the media.

Thousands of Chinese workers are in Pakistan, most of them involved in Beijing’s multibillion-dollar Belt and Road Initiative that connects south and central Asia with the Chinese capital.

Videos showed flames engulfing cars and a thick column of smoke rising from the scene. There was a heavy military deployment at the site, which was cordoned off.

Police surgeon Dr. Sumayya Tariq said one of the casualties was in critical condition and that four of them were security guards.

Rahat Hussain, who works in the civil aviation department, said the blast was so big that it shook the airport’s buildings.


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Frontier Airlines Flight Lands in Las Vegas with Flames from Engine

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Las Vegas, USA (DT) — A Frontier Airlines flight heading to Las Vegas had a terrifying incident today when flames were seen erupting from one of its engines upon landing. The Flight 1326, which departed was on its way from San Diego to Las Vegas when “the pilots detected smoke and declared an emergency,” Frontier said in a statement.

There were reports of smoke in the cockpit before the Airbus 321 was able to make an emergency landing at Harry Reid International Airport, according to the Federal Aviation Administration.

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The airport was the flight’s intended destination.

Amanda Mazzagatti, the airport program administrator at Harry Reid International, stated that the Frontier flight “experienced a hard landing,” prompting an immediate response from the Clark County Fire Department.

The plane landed safely, and all passengers and crew were evacuated via airstairs before being transported to the terminal by bus. Both the airline and airport confirmed that no injuries were reported.

The incident took place around 4:20 p.m. local time, and a ground stop was implemented at the airport until 7 p.m., according to the FAA.

Footage posted on social media shows the aircraft rolling down the tarmac, with flames and smoke appearing near its wheels. A thick trail of smoke followed as fire trucks approached and extinguished the fire once the plane had stopped.

The cause of the incident is currently under investigation, with the FAA leading the inquiry.


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Over 12 Million Kazakhs Vote in Landmark Referendum on Nuclear Power Plant Construction

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Astana, Kazakhstan (DT) — In a historic decision, more than 12 million Kazakh citizens cast their votes today in a nationwide referendum to decide the future of nuclear energy in Kazakhstan.

The referendum focuses on whether to approve the construction of the country’s first nuclear power plant, a project aimed at meeting growing energy demands and reducing reliance on coal.

A total of 10,323 polling stations are open for the vote, including 74 abroad in 59 countries.

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“Do you agree with the construction of a nuclear power plant in Kazakhstan?” is the question posed to those participating in the vote.

For the referendum result to be considered valid, more than half of the registered voters must participate. Voting is to be monitored by around 500 international observers, though the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is not involved.

Kazakhstan’s energy dependency and the push for nuclear power

Kazakhstan’s President, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, who supports a “yes” vote to reduce dependence on fossil fuels—specifically coal—and electricity imports from Russia, cast his vote early in the capital, Astana.

The country relies on coal mines for 80% of its electricity generation—a highly polluting sector—compared to the 15% generated by hydroelectric plants.

All polls published in recent days favor the government, which controls the vast majority of media outlets. According to these surveys, the “yes” vote is expected to win by a wide margin, in some cases with more than two-thirds of the vote.

Historical echoes: The shadow of Semipalatinsk

Nuclear power is a sensitive issue in this country, where thousands still suffer the consequences of radiation from the notorious Semipalatinsk testing ground. Nearly 500 Soviet atomic tests were carried out there in northeastern Kazakhstan.

Opponents of the project argue against it on ecological grounds, citing the historical trauma of Soviet nuclear tests, the potential for Western sanctions if Russia builds the plant, and the precedent of military coercion involving the Russian and Ukrainian nuclear plants at Zaporizhzhia and Kursk.

According to official data, in recent years the number of cancer patients has risen by 25-30%, reaching 36,000 annually. Furthermore, the average age of those affected has significantly decreased.

International involvement: competing for Kazakhstan’s nuclear Future

In any case, analysts believe the decision to build the plant near Lake Balkhash has already been made. They say the referendum is merely a means of legitimizing it.

The same is likely true for the winner of the international tender, Russian consortium Rosatom, which is competing against China’s CNNC, South Korea’s KHNP, and France’s EDF.

Tokayev’s role and the political landscape

When announcing the referendum, Tokayev referred to the “listening state” program. However, according to human rights organizations, at least 26 activists opposed to the nuclear plant have been arrested or detained, some allegedly for planning protests and street disturbances. EFE


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Two sisters from Egypt were among the victims of the shooting by the Mexican army

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Tapachula, Mexico (DT) — An 11-year-old Egyptian girl and her 18-year-old sister were among those killed after Mexican army troops opened fire on a truck carrying migrants earlier this week, an official said Friday.

The sisters, and four other migrants from countries including Peru and Honduras, were killed on Tuesday in the southern state of Chiapas.

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An official in the state’s prosecutors office confirmed the identification of the two sisters and said their father was wounded in the shooting, but survived. The official was not authorized to be quoted by name, but a second federal official confirmed that information on the same basis.

Federal officials, including newly inaugurated President Claudia Sheinbaum, again refused Friday to confirm the ages or genders of the six migrants killed in the shooting, which occurred on Sheinbaum’s first day in office.

The Egyptian embassy in Mexico and the Egyptian foreign ministry did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

Soldiers claimed they heard shots and returned fire and officials have studiously avoided saying the migrants were killed by army gunfire. However, that appears to be the case, and two soldiers have been relieved of duty and turned over to civilian prosecutors for questioning.

The killings placed in doubt Sheinbaum’s statements over her first days in office that human rights will be at the forefront of her administration’s policies.

Asked about her immigration policy Friday, Sheinbaum said only that the killings were under investigation and doubled down on earlier claims that the government doesn’t violate human rights.

“First of all, human rights are respected,” Sheinbaum said. “That is very important, that is why it is called a humanistic immigration policy, because human rights are at the forefront.”

Three of the dead were from Egypt, and one each from Peru and Honduras. The other has apparently not yet been identified.

“It is really impossible that these people would have been shooting at the army,” Mujica said. “Most of the time, they get through by paying bribes.”

If the deaths were the result of army fire, as appears likely, it could prove a major embarrassment for Sheinbaum.

The new president has followed the lead of former president Andrés Manuel López Obrador in giving the armed forces extraordinary powers in law enforcement, state-run companies , airports, trains and construction projects.

It is not the first time Mexican forces have opened fire on vehicles carrying migrants in the area, which is also the object of cartel turf battles.

In 2021, the quasi-military National Guard opened fire on a pickup truck carrying migrants, killing one and wounding four. The Guard officers initially claimed some of those in the migrants’ truck were armed and had fired shots, but the governmental National Human Rights Commission later found that was not true.


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